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Comparison of transplacental treatment of fetal ofatrialbrillationinolderadults:thecardiovascularhealthstudy. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial brillation: a case-control sion during pregnancy: safe or not Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J, Vacca M, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Pare C, Azqueta M, nal supraventricular tachycardias during pregnancy: a review of the literature. Is the risk of atrial brillation higher in athletes than in the American College of Chest Physicians. Postoperative atrial brillation is rillation: a prospective study of 309, 540 men and women. Atrial remodeling, Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial brillation in patients undergo autonomic tone, and lifetime training hours in nonelite athletes. Andersen K, Farahmand B, Ahlbom A, Held C, Ljunghall S, Michaelsson K, tion and subsequent outcomes in contemporary patients undergoing cardiac sur Sundstrom J. Interventions for prevention of post the incidence of atrial brillation after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Timing and route of management of de novo atrial brillation after cardiac and thoracic surgery. Postoperative atrial brillation signicantly increases mortality, hospital re one versus beta-blocker as a prophylactic therapy against atrial brillation follow admission, and hospital costs. Statin therapy and atrial brillation: systematic postoperative atrial brillation as an independent predictor for worse early and review and updated meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. Zheng Z, Jayaram R, Jiang L, Emberson J, Zhao Y, Li Q, Du J, Guarguagli S, Hill M, 954. Postoperative atrial brillation in pa Prophylactic magnesium does not prevent atrial brillation after cardiac surgery: tients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery carries an eightfold risk of future a meta-analysis. Mariscalco G, Klersy C, Zanobini M, BanachM, Ferrarese S, Borsani P, Cantore C, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Postoperative atrial brillation and mortality after coron patients by preoperative supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: an ary artery bypass surgery. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to prevent atrial brillation: updated systematic review.

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Bei der Zufuhr von mit synthetischem Sustoff gesuten Lebensmitteln traten sowohl ein Gewichtsverlust als auch eine Senkung des Blutdrucks ein (Raben et al. Die nachfolgende multivariate Analyse ergab den Hinweis, dass der Anstieg des Blutdrucks nicht nur eine Folge der Gewichtsveranderung war, sondern auch direkt mit der Zufuhr von Saccharose zusammenhing. Die Auswertung der Framingham Heart Study ergab keinen Hinweis darauf, dass zuckergesute Getranke den Blutdruck beeinflussen (Dhingra et al. Es besteht mit moglicher Evidenz keine Beziehung zwischen der langfristigen Zufuhr von Fructose oder Saccharose und einem erhohten Blutdruck. Weiterhin gibt es mit moglicher Evidenz keine Beziehung zwischen der Zufuhr zuckergesuter Getranke und dem Risiko einer Hypertonie. Diese Bewertung beruht nur auf einer Kohortenstudie, wird jedoch durch die Bewertung der Einzelkomponenten gesuter Getranke wie Fructose und Saccharose gedeckt. Andererseits konnten Kohortenstudien keine Beziehung zwischen dem Verzehr von Getreideprodukten aus Mehl mit niedrigem Ausmahlungsgrad und der Hohe des Blutdrucks beobachten (Steffen et al. Getreideprodukten aus Mehl mit niedrigem Ausmahlungsgrad und der Hohe des Blutdrucks umfasst nur wenige Studien und ist uneinheitlich; damit ist der Hartegrad der Evidenz unzureichend. In der Regel konnten inverse Zusammenhange zwischen der Ballaststoffzufuhr und dem Blutdruck beobachtet werden (Alonso et al. Zum Teil verschwanden diese Zusam menhange, wenn statt der Entwicklung des Blutdrucks die klinische Diagnose einer Hyper tonie in den Studien untersucht wurde. In diesen Studien spielten die Ballaststoffquellen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle (Alonso et al. In einer danischen Interventionsstudie mit 18 Mannern fuhrte eine Erhohung der Ballaststoffzufuhr bei gleichzeitiger Absenkung der Fettzufuhr uber 8 Monate zu einer Absenkung des systolischen Blutdrucks (von 123 auf 119 mm Hg, p = 0, 002), nicht aber des diastolischen Blutdrucks (Sandstrom et al. Ein damit ubereinstimmendes Ergebnis ergab eine amerikanische Interventionsstudie mit 74 ubergewichtigen Erwachsenen uber 16 Wochen. Hier wurde mittels Lupinenkernmehl der Ballaststoff und Proteingehalt in der Nahrung erhoht (systolischer Blutdruck p = 0, 03) (Lee et al. Zu ahnlichen Schlussfolgerungen wie die Studien, in denen Ballaststoffe der Expositions faktor waren, kamen auch die Studien, die Vollkornprodukte untersucht haben. Die Auswertung einer Interventionsstudie mit 6 bis 11-jahrigen Kindern ergab eine inverse Beziehung zwischen der Zufuhr von Ballaststoffen und der Hohe des Blutdrucks (Simons-Morton et al. Zwei Meta-Analysen aus den Jahren 2004 und 2005 haben die Wirkungen der Ballaststoffzufuhr in randomisierten Interventions studien, darunter auch viele Studien mit Personen mit unterschiedlichen Blutdruckwerten, zusammengefasst (Streppel et al. In beiden Meta Analysen, deren Datenbasis grotenteils uberlappte, senkte bei Personen mit erhohtem Blutdruck eine durchschnittliche Mehrzufuhr von 11 g Ballaststoffen/Tag den systolischen wie auch den diastolischen Blutdruck. In einer Interventionsstudie mit 36 Mannern mittleren Alters, die zusatzlich 14 g Ballaststoffe/Tag entweder in Form von Hafer oder Weizen uber 12 Wochen erhielten, zeigten sich keine Veranderungen im Blut druck (Davy et al. Trotzdem ergeben die Studien ein klares Bild fur die Beziehung zwischen dem Verzehr von Ballaststoffen bzw.

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We also omitted juveniles, specimens with an unclear taxonomic association, and modern human specimens that have proven to be more recent than initially thought. Femoral head diameter for these specimens was estimated using a formula provided in Rosenberg et al. Body mass estimates were then calculated using the average of the three femoral head diameter formulae presented in Ruff et al. The femoral head diameter estimate for Atapuerca Pelvis 1 was further averaged with the stature and bi-iliac breadth estimate published by Arsuaga et al. Our estimates for these specimens differ slightly from those published in Rosenberg et al. However, as the rest of the estimates presented here are based on all three formulae, we followed the same method in order to maintain consistency. O2/d), 1324 kcal/d (or 276 L O2/d, ~7% lower than archaic females), and 1201 kcal/d (or 250 L O2/d, ~15% lower than archaic females), respectively. Distribution of body size estimates in archaic and modern fossil humans, as well as recent humans from small-scale societies. Incorporating the effects of climate leads to even larger potential differences between geographically widely separated populations, both within and between hominin groups. This is because other energy costs, especially those related to physical activity, are neither observable nor reliably quantifiable from data preserved in the archeological or fossil record. Although the factorial method quite clearly incorporates a considerable degree of error, it is important to minimize such error by accounting for relevant, measureable (or estimable) factors such as body size and climate. Although the task of estimating activity costs in fossil groups presents numerous challenges, comparing some aspects of archaic and modern human anatomy can provide some preliminary clues, which we discuss in the following section. Locomotor Energetics and Activity Energy Expenditure While industrialized populations tend to spend a relatively small fraction of total energy on exercise (Hayes et al. Assessing activity energy expenditure in the fossil record relies on the combination of evidence from modern exercise physiology and fossil anatomy, as well as pairing the study of extant hunter-gatherers with archaeological and bioarchaeological evidence for fossil technology, subsistence behavior, and diet. Locomotor energy costs constitute a large portion of activity energy expenditure in most humans that hunt and gather for subsistence. Of course, activity energy expenditure involves more than simply locomotion, and variation in hunting and gathering behavior patterns can impact energy expenditure. Measuring or even estimating activity energy expenditure in extant, free-living foragers, however, proves rather difficult, even with detailed behavioral observations (Leonard, 2003). Pinning down the specific behaviors in which fossil popula tions engaged is considerably more difficult, and thus extending the scant evidence for specific behaviors to energy estimates is even less reliable. Thus we are constrained to focus on locomotor costs as the major part of the forager activity budget and to make gross estimates of the overall energetic costs of activity in extinct groups. The seasonality of hunter-gatherer diets (see below) also leads in most cases to at least some degree of nomadic migration throughout large home ranges over the course of the year (Hill et al.

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Intracranial course: The hypoglossal nerve emerges as rootlets from the ventral aspect of the medulla between Clinical Anatomy pyramid and olive. In a normal person the protruded tongue lies in the Extracranial course: In the neck, it is closely associated midline. It descends, crosses the loop of the explanation for this is as follows: lingual artery, and ends by supplying the muscles of the Protrusion of the tongue is produced by the pull of the right tongue. Each muscle draws the posterior part of the Branches Distribution tongue forward and medially. Normally, the medial pull of the two muscles cancels out, but when one muscle is paralyzed it Muscular Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus and is this medial pull of the intact muscle that causes the tongue intrinsic muscles of tongue to deviate to the paralyzed side ure 6. However, due to the close relationship between the sensations of smell and taste, this nerve is functionally classifed as visceral. Which one of the following functional components is brain is: represented by the accessory nerve The functional component of the taste sensations carried located in the: by glossopharyngeal nerve is: A. The nucleus ambiguus is associated with which one of receives: the following cranial nerves: A. The nucleus that carries the parasympathetic fibres of supply the muscles developed from: the facial nerve begins from: A. Describe the oculomotor nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the trochlear nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the mandibular nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the abducent nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the extracranial course of facial nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the glossopharyngeal nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the vagus nerve in neck, under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy. Describe the hypoglossal nerve under the following headings: nuclei, functional components, course and relations, branches and distribution, clinical anatomy.