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Denominator: Number of all births in the three years preceding the survey (b19 < 36), including last and prior births, grouped by two-month intervals before survey (int(b19/2)), as determined by difference in interview date and birth date. For example, the value of the numerator and denominators for births that occurred 4-5 months before the interview is the average of groups 2-3, 4-5, and 6-7 months. For example, if the date of interview were April 2018, the interview could have occurred at any time during the month, from the 1st to the 30th. Thus, the difference in time between the date of birth and the date of interview could be between 60 days and 120 days. Assuming a constant distribution by day of month for interviews and for births, the midpoint is 90 days or three months, which is the value of the difference in the century-month codes of the dates. The midpoint value for the group of the difference of 2 months and 3 months together is therefore 2. The value of the previous group is assumed to be 100 percent since all women are assumed to be amenorrheic and abstaining on the day of birth. The same holds true for a birth that occurred in January 2018, at any time between the 1st and the 31st of the month. The midpoint value for the group of the difference of 2 months and 3 months together is therefore 3. Mean the mean duration is the accumulation over all groups of the proportions amenorrheic, abstaining, or insusceptible (p) multiplied by the width of the time-since-birth group (w). Women with missing reports of amenorrhea or sexual abstinence are considered to be not amenorrheic or not abstaining, respectively. Notes and Considerations Medians and means are based on current status of mothers of the births. The distributions of the proportions of births by month of birth of the child are analogous to the lx column of the synthetic life table. The proportions are assumed to be 1 at the time of birth and to decrease monotonically with time since birth. The mean is taken similarly from the lx column of the life table, which in this case is the series of proportions by time since birth. Because the sum of proportions equals 1, there is no need to divide the sum of the proportions times the width of the interval. Mean Truncated Mean: Because of the limitation to births that occurred within the three years preceding the survey, the mean is truncated if there are mothers who are amenorrheic or abstaining longer than three years after their last birth. It is very unlikely that the proportions are more than negligible after 35 months since birth, except for those women who are not really postpartum amenorrheic or abstaining (more likely for older women whose postpartum amenorrhea blended into menopause or whose postpartum sexual abstinence blended into terminal abstinence).

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It is an important cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. Very young infants sometimes have tiredness, irritability, a loss of appetite, and difficulty breathing. Spread: By direct contact with contaminated hands, or close contact through droplets, which are small particles of fluid that are expelled from the nose and mouth during sneezing or coughing. Incubation Period: It takes 2 to 8 days, usually 4 to 6 days, from the time a person is exposed until symptoms develop. Wash hands of child and self frequently with soap and running water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or wiping a nose. Dispose of any tissues or items soiled with discharges from the mouth or nose in a waste container. See your physician Exclusion: the child may return when they are well enough to participate in normal activities and they have no difficulty breathing or eating. Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the airways in the lungs and by the spasm of muscles surrounding these airways. Inflammation occurs when irritated tissues swell and produce extra mucus, creating a condition known as bronchoconstriction. The combination of the two can cause constriction of complete blockage of the airways and can initiate symptoms of an asthma attack. Symptoms of an asthma attack can include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Asthma attacks may occur at anytime, but there are risk factors that can trigger an attack. No clear cause of asthma is known, but many risk factors have been linked to triggering asthma attacks. Individuals are more likely to have asthma if there is a family history of the disease. After exposure to an allergen, the body releases chemicals that produce conditions associated with an attack. Common allergens in the environment are pollen, dust mites, cockroaches, bacteria, molds, animal hair and animal dander. Environmental pollutants are irritating to the lungs and can cause reactions similar to those caused by allergens. Formaldehyde is released from new furnishings, especially those made of particle board and pressed wood. Common outdoor pollutants associated with asthma include ozone, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Because of the allergens they produce, yeasts also lead to allergic reactions that can cause an asthma attack. Emotional stress, panic and anxiety also may trigger an attack in certain individuals. Responses to emotional situations, such as laughing, crying or yelling, involve deep, rapid breathing that can trigger an attack.

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Patients were selected by a pediatrician who was completely aware of the study design. After informing the participants, nocturnal coughing and sleep difficulty were assessed using a Persian version of a standard previously validated questionnaire [10,16]. After stratification for age (1?6 years and 6?12 years), eligible patients were selected by the aforementioned pediatrician, and their parents were given one colored card to prevent parents from knowing which group their child would belong. If a parent asked about the treatment type, the presenter revealed the identity of the treatment. The number of participants in each group was dependent on the number of patients referred to the clinic. The allocation was continued every two weeks until at least 20 patients were entered in each group. Two groups were given two different types of honey in a 10 mL opaque plastic container. Ardabil and Khora san Razavi are located in Northwest and Northeast of Iran, respectively. The participants received their treatments 30 min before going to bed on two consecutive nights (two doses). Subjects who had consumed an inappropriate dose of the treatments for any reason were excluded from the analysis. Receiving the treatment for only one night or less than the prescribed volume was considered as inappropriate dose. After two nights of treatment, the parents completed the nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty questionnaire again via a telephone interview. No physical examination was performed the second time, unless it was made necessary due to illness progression. Categorical variables were presented as numbers and relative frequencies (percentages) and differences between the groups were evaluated by Chi-square test. The effects of the treatments on nocturnal coughing and sleep difficulty scores in each group were assessed using a paired T test. The mean difference in the scores of nocturnal coughing and sleep difficulty before and after the treatment was calculated. The nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty scores were com pared between groups using a multivariate analysis of variance. The number of patients lost to follow up was not significantly different between the groups (P>0. The comparison of the age-adjusted baseline cough characteristics of the children and sleep quality of children and their parents are shown in Table 1. The fre quency of coughing was not significantly different between the three groups.

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Each candidate choice was ranked on a scale of 1?9 where 1 meant the statement had no value or importance and was not appropriate for a patient and 9 meant it had the highest possible value, importance and appropriateness. Panelists were asked to score by their opinion, not how they thought other surgeons or experts would score it. After each round of ranking, a spreadsheet with ranking results was provided to committee members. An individual person data meta-analysis of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and breast cancer recurrence. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer: meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Accuracy and surgical impact of magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer staging: systematic review and metaanalysis in detection of multifocal and multicentric cancer. American Society of Breast Surgeons Position Statement on Management of the axilla in patients with invasive breast cancer oncology [Internet]. Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. Decision-making impact on adjuvant chemotherapy allocation in early node-negative breast cancer with a 21-gene assay: systematic review and metaanalysis. The impact of the Oncotype Dx breast cancer assay in clinical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Variation in Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Rates According to Racial Groups in Young Women with Breast Cancer, 1998 to 2011: A Report from the National Cancer Data Base. Changing surgical trends in young patients with early stage breast cancer, 2003 to 2010: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy after unilateral breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perceptions of Contralateral Breast Cancer Risk: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. Survival outcomes after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: a decision analysis. Breast cancer after prophylactic mastectomy (bilateral or contralateral prophylactic mastectomy), a clinical entity: presentation, management, and outcomes. We achieve this by collaborating with general surgeons who treat patients with physicians and physician leaders, medical trainees, breast disease, and is committed to continually improving the practice of breast health care delivery systems, payers, policymakers, surgery by serving as an advocate for surgeons who seek excellence in the care consumer organizations and patients to foster a shared of breast patients.

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People with acquired neurological conditions frequently encounter saliva control problems. Drooling in these conditions is related to impairment of oral control rather than an increase in saliva production. Secretion control problems are seen in adults where dysphagia occurs after multiple strokes involving both cerebral hemispheres or following a brain stem stroke. The problem is usually worse in the acute phase but may con tinue to be an issue depending on the site and extent of infarction (Smithhard, 1997). People with developmental disabilities, in particular cerebral palsy, often retain immature swallowing patterns. This tongue thrust pattern becomes more apparent as the person matures because the space in the oral cavity increases, resulting in protrusion of the tongue during the oral phase of swallowing and drooling. Drooling is most prominent when the anti-Parkinsonian medi cation is not effective. The tongue is par ticularly affected in motor neurone disease (Robbins, 1987) and consequently saliva cannot be collected and propelled into the pharynx. Because pharyngeal impairment frequently co-occurs with oral impairment, aspiration of saliva may be a problem. Diagrammatic representation of afferent and efferent pathways that are involved in re? The structure of the salivary glands is typical of all exocrine glands, being com posed of small structures called acini, into which the epithelial cells secrete saliva, and ducts that transport the saliva. The parotid glands only produce serous secre tions whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands produce both serous and mucoid secretions. Parasympathetic input increases the amount of saliva associated with eating and drinking. Sympa thetic input reduces the quantity of secretion when not eating or drinking and during physical activity (see Figure 6. The average person produces and swallows approximately 600 ml of saliva a day (Watanabe and Dawes, 1988). This movement of the saliva is important to protect the teeth from developing caries. Frequent swallowing avoids the pooling of saliva in the mouth, the dribbling of saliva when we incline our head, or the spraying of saliva when we talk. It is not known whether the trigger for a saliva swallow is at the same point as for a nutritional swallow but it is possible these are different (see Chapter 3). A mature swallow is characterized by the oral phase (a voluntary phase) and a pharyngeal phase (an involuntary phase). The swallowing sequence is executed so frequently that it becomes automatic; however, because it is under volitional control it is readily modi? The obvious difference between swallowing saliva and swallowing food and drink is a comparative lack of anticipation when swallowing saliva.

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