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As a result, academic inquiries that have fallen out of the traditional organ or demographic-based scope have found their home in a broader scope: health systems, public health, and health policy research. As these areas of academic investigation develop, family practice will further dene its contribution to the practice of medicine. To the contrary: although these professionals broaden access to primary care, family physicians are better suited and more cost-effective to provide care in these settings. Some studies com paring the two providers show that nurse practitioners and physician assistants are preferable within specic circumstances, but none have yet to demonstrate greater cost-effectiveness or a broader scope of practice compared to family physi cians. As a relatively new specialty, departments of family medicine are constantly forming and training new faculty members. If this sounds like a career for you, this fellowship provides experience in research, teaching, leadership, and management. Sports Medicine Similar to fellowships in sports medicine offered to emergency medicine and in ternal medicine residents, this program provides additional experience in the care of sports-related injuries. The approach, of course, is much more primary care and medical, rather than surgical. Geriatrics this fellowship is similar to the one offered to internal medicine residents. You will gain additional experience in the special medical issues relevant to the eld erly. As the population continues to age, there will be a greater need for physi cians with specialized training in geriatric medicine. Other areas that family physicians have chosen for specialty training (but not necessarily through formal accredited fellowships) include: preventive medicine, research, substance abuse, palliative care, primary care outcomes research, oc cupational/environment medicine, community medicine, health policy, infor matics, family systems medicine, medical education, public health, minority health policy, osteopathic manipulative medicine, health psychology, family planning and reproductive health, emergency medicine, patient-doctor relation ship, and family medicine hospitalist. Since its creation as an official specialty in 1969, family practice has uctuated in popularity. Driven by technical and nancial incentives, most medical stu dents chose to enter medical or surgical specialties (and subspecialties) instead of careers in primary care. But medicine became far too fragmented with the in crease in specialization, so in the late 1980s, a movement began that encouraged students to consider entering primary care elds again. At every step, fam ily doctors treat all problems, unless they require additional testing or evaluation by a specialist.
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A hearing aid generally would not be considered for a patient, unless the loss had reached the moderate classification in the better ear. Table 8-8 Pure Tone Audiometric Criteria for Classification of Mixed, Conductive, and Sensorineural Impairments Figure 8-10. The general concept is that in sensorineural hearing loss, the speech discrimination score will be direct ly proportional to the degree of system damage (cochlear hair cells or neural fibers). There is no quantitative way to predict speech discrimination ability from the pure-tone audiogram. Sen sorineural hearing loss will be the most common hearing loss seen by the flight surgeon. Most per sons with sensorineural losses have greater difficulty with speech discrimination in noise than in quiet. This is because the noise further reduces their ability to hear high-frequency consonants which carry the preponderance of speech information. Also, these patients may be very much an noyed by loud sounds (because of the recruitment phenomenon) and make less than ideal can didates for hearing aid use. Discrimination scores of 80 percent or better on the W-l lists are con sidered good, 60 to 70 percent, fair, and 60 percent and less, poor. This is a speech-in-noise test and is given to establish a waiver when pure-tone hearing standards are not met by the patient. One should take advantage of the increased sensitivity inherent in the pattern of results from a proper ly selected test battery. Table 8-10 Ideal Test Results for Each Locus Possible Test Results for Each Locus And the Likelihood of Occurence 8-67 U. Naval Flight Surgeons Manual the four basic types of Bekesy audiograms are shown in Figure 8-11. Not all patients with the pathologies indicated will display the specific type of audiogram shown in the figure. The four types of Bekesy audiograms: Type I occurs in normal ears and indisorders of the middle ear. Johnson (1968) further demonstrated the necessity for a test battery approach to diagnosis with the Bekesy data on confirmed cases of acoustic neuroma given in Table 8-11. This data shows that 61 percent of the patients produced appropriate tracings relating to acoustic neuroma, while 41 percent produced tracings generally associated with cochlear and middle ear pathologies. The probability of error when correlating several test results rather than depending on a single piece of information is greatly reduced. Perceptually, the loudness of a supra-threshold tone is greater for a continuous signal than for a pulsed signal. What the patient is actually doing is tracing an equal loudness contour for each type of signal.
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While this applies equally to respondents and complainants, this modification addresses commenters concerns that a respondent should not be found responsible solely because the respondent refused to provide self-incriminating statements. Others, primarily some college and university commenters, expressed particular support for eliminating the 60-day time frame contained in withdrawn Department guidance. Some commenters identified concerns with a 60-day time frame, such as asserting that: it does not reflect the complex nature of these cases, such as multiple parties, various witnesses, time to obtain evidence, and school breaks; it is arbitrary and hard to adhere to while providing due process for all; it interferes with the time parties need to provide evidence and to make their case; it has not been required by courts; and it increases the risks of decisions 884 based on conjecture or gender or racial stereotypes. Other commenters contended that eliminating such a constrained timeline would be beneficial, by for instance allowing for more thorough investigations, collection of more evidence, and added accommodation of disabilities. Some emphasized that prompt resolution is important, but contended that various factors may delay proceedings (such as police investigations, witness availability, school breaks, faculty sabbaticals) and asserted that fairness demands thoroughness. Likewise, some commenters expressed support for good cause extensions for a related criminal proceeding in the belief that students should not be forced to choose between participating in campus proceedings and giving up their right to silence in criminal proceedings. The Department agrees with commenters that this provision appropriately requires prompt resolution of a grievance process while leaving recipients flexibility to designate reasonable time frames and address situations that justify short-term delays or extensions. This is the same recommendation made in the 2001 Guidance, which advised recipients that grievance procedures 885 should include Designated and reasonably prompt time frames for the major stages of the 1099 complaint process. Commenters asserted that schools could delay investigations indefinitely or for unspecified periods of time and that students might wait months or years for resolution of their complaint. Commenters identified a number of other drawbacks they felt would result from uncertain, indefinite time frames with possible delays. Commenters asserted that this provision would: make it less likely that survivors will report, less likely parties will receive justice, and more likely that students will lose faith in the reporting process; eliminate the mechanism for discovering and correcting harassment as early and effectively as possible; result in inconsistent resolution time frames at different schools; and only further delay the already lengthy process to reach resolution of sexual misconduct cases (for example, long unexplained delays even under the prior guidance with a 60-day time frame). Some commenters noted other concerns about the proposed time frames and potential delays or extensions. Commenters asserted that indefinite time frames and probable delays would create uncertainty and a longer process that would harm survivors well-being, safety, and education, and subject them to unreasonable physical, mental, time, and cost demands. Some felt that the proposal would: deny due process; exacerbate survivors emotional distress; heighten the 1099 2001 Guidance at 20. Other commenters emphasized their belief that the indefinite time frames and delays would harm the mental health and education of both complainants and respondents, by adding uncertainty and stress for lengthy periods without resolution, exoneration, or closure. Other commenters expressed concerns about increasing safety risks to all students by allowing a hostile environment to continue unchecked, and assailants to harass, assault, or retaliate against their victims or others during the long waiting period. Some commenters contended that delays or extensions may result in: information, memory, and witnesses being lost; less, lost, or corrupted evidence, including fewer witnesses who may no longer be available or on campus (for example, students or short-term staff); and parties who have left school or graduated impairing schools from investigating or resolving concerns. Other commenters believed that a lengthier process and delays would: signal that schools do not care about the safety or education of victims; make it more likely that a victim will be identified or lose confidentiality; force survivors to rely on supportive measures for longer than they may be adequate or effective; allow a respondents refusal to cooperate to delay a case indefinitely; permit recipients to place respondents on administrative leave to further delay an investigation; and particularly harm schools short-term staff or contractors. Discussion: the Department disagrees that this provision allows recipients to conduct grievance processes without specified time frames, or allows indefinite delays.
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The basic intent of early intervention and rehabilitation is to bring about a crisis earlier in the life of the alcoholic in order that intervention can be followed by rehabilitation before the patient loses the psychosocial resources necessary to participate in the rehabilitation process. This can be done in the flight surgeons office after he has gathered all the information and has individually persuaded several of the significant people to become involved. The flight surgeon must not select people to participate who have a current or longstanding vendetta against the potential patient such as an estranged wife, angry stepson, or intolerant commanding officer. He also must not select people who have an un shakable bond of loyalty with the potential patient such as a crew member or friend whose life the patient once saved or someone who is his favorite drinking companion. The items should clearly reflect the situation in which the patients drinking caused him or others harm, expense, embarrassment, etc. The theme of the confrontation should be that all parties concerned are there because they love the patient, care for him, and are worried about his health and future. They want him to receive help because they are convinced he has an alcohol problem. It must also be stated that they are: (1) in the case of the family, prepared to leave the patient if he does not get help or, (2) in the case of the command, they are prepared to take proper administrative or disciplinary action if he does not seek help. The entire confrontation has to be orchestrated by the flight surgeon who has before him the patients health record, service record, available laboratory data, and any other pertinent documentation. If the patient is in acute withdrawal, then it may be best for the con frontation to take place after detoxification. If there are no signs of withdrawal, then the con frontation can occur even though the patient is still emotionally upset and depressed because of guilt in connection with his alcoholic behavior. Referral to the nearest military treatment facility needs to be arranged by the flight surgeon, much as he would make arrangements for any other medical illness. At this time, the patient must be told that alcoholism is a treatable disease and, if applicable, that he will return to full flying status subsequent to treatment and follow-up if he responds properly. Confront the patient with the consequences of his or her drinking (medical, social, economic) and involve the family. Dont argue over the quantity of alcohol consumed, or the label or diagnosis of alcoholism. Focus on the need to do something about a problem for which there is a treat ment. Alcohol Rehabilitation Facilities Alcohol Rehabilitation Facilities are organized at three levels: 1. It usually takes 6 weeks to move from local treatment to the highest echelon of residential treatment. There is an important tradeoff: increasing staffing resources and technical sophistication are substituted for proximity to both a supportive milieu which might assist in recovery, and distresses and problems which were used to rationalize drinking in the first place.