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Economic model4 5 No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that 6 other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation (see Supplement 2 (Health 7 economics. Women with von Willebrand disease3 4 Comparison: Tranexamic acid versus no haemostatic therapy 5 Outcomes for the woman 6 Major morbidity: Primary postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss of any degree in first 24 hours 7 of birth) 8 Very low quality evidence from 1 retrospective cohort study among women with von 9 Willebrand disease (N=25) suggested that there was no clinically important difference in the 10 risk of primary postpartum haemorrhage between women treated with tranexamic acid and 11 women without any treatment. Be aware that women with bleeding disorders are at increased risk of primary and 40 secondary postpartum haemorrhage. Consider giving uterotonics intravenously for women with bleeding disorders if there are 5 concerns about giving these by intramuscular injection. Offer individualised postpartum monitoring and management as discussed with a senior 8 haematologist for women with bleeding disorders, to include: 9  estimation of blood loss 10  obstetric complications 11  haematological parameters. Be aware that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can add to the risk of bleeding. Before discharge from hospital, inform women with bleeding disorders of the risk of 14 secondary bleeding postpartum and how to access care. A number of bleeding disorders can affect the 19 third stage of labour but evidence was not found for all these conditions. In addition, it was 20 not always possible to tell whether an outcome was linked to a treatment or a specific 21 condition because conditions were sometimes grouped together according to severity. For example, there may be risks associated with intramuscular injections in these 31 women. These considerations will need oversight from a senior haematologist, more frequent 32 and possibly extended monitoring, and discussion of any changes in clinical condition. The recommendations will apply to a small number of women, 37 so implementing them is unlikely to cause staffing or resource issues for hospitals. These were 7 mortality, major morbidities (such as postpartum haemorrhage), and further interventions 8 (such as surgery or interventional radiology. The committee considered these to be the most 9 serious and long-term outcomes for women with bleeding disorders and they agreed that the 10 effectiveness of third stage interventions should be evaluated with reference to these 11 outcomes. None 24 of the cohort studies controlled adequately for confounders; for example, in one study 25 women were allocated to different treatment options depending on disease severity rather 26 than disease subtype, making it difficult to determine whether poor outcomes were due to 27 specific treatment options or different disease subtypes. The sample size of the studies 28 ranged from 12 to 62, which the committee regarded as being too small to adequately 29 assess a rare maternal outcome such as death due to severe postpartum haemorrhage. The 36 committee explained that it was important for everyone in the womans care team – including 37 the woman herself – to be aware of this, so that early signs and symptoms of a potential 38 haemorrhage were not overlooked. The committee 4 justified a strong recommendation here since they included a cross-reference to other strong 5 recommendations.

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Hearing aids are most effective with conductive losses and may help with sensorineural losses. Provide comfortable bedding and some of own possessions, Increases comfort for sleep; provides physiological and psycho such as a pillow or an afghan. Establish new sleep routine incorporating old pattern and new When new routine contains as many aspects of old habits as pos environment. Match with roommate who has similar sleep patterns and Decreases likelihood that night owl roommate may delay nocturnal needs. Make Daytime activity can help client expend energy and be ready sure client stops activity several hours before bedtime, as for nighttime sleep; however, continuation of activity close individually appropriate. Promote bedtime comfort regimens such as warm bath, Promotes a relaxing, soothing effect. Note: Milk has soporific massage, a glass of warm milk, or small amount wine or qualities, enhancing synthesis of serotonin, a neurotrans brandy at bedtime. Repositioning reduces pressure on tissues, enhances muscle relaxation, and promotes rest. May have fear of falling because of change in size and height Avoid use of side rails. Note: Side rails place client at risk for falling when climbing over rails or for possible entrapment. Avoid or limit interruptions such as awakening for medications Uninterrupted sleep is more restful, and client may be unable or therapies. May be given to help client sleep or rest during transition period from home to new setting. Extremes of exercise, such as sedentary life and continuous pacing, affect caloric needs. Incorporate favorite foods and maintain as near-normal food Aids in maintaining intake, especially when mouth and dental consistency as possible, such as soft or finely ground food problems exist. Encourage the use of spices, other than sodium, to clients Reduction in number and acuity of taste buds results in food personal taste. Foods served at the proper temperature are more palatable, and enjoyment may increase appetite. Promote a pleasant environment for eating in dining room or Eating is, in part, a social event and appetite can improve with with company, if possible. Have healthy snack foods, such as cheese, crackers, soup, and Helps meet individual needs and enhances intake with caloric fruit available on a 24-hour basis. Plan for social events and provide for snacks even when Eating is part of socialization, and being able to respond to working to reduce total calories. Weigh on a regular basis—preferably, same time of day and in Monitors nutritional state and effectiveness of interventions.

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When com who do not completely recover during acute treatment pared with a parallel treatment-as-usual arm, the long have a significantly higher risk of relapse (and a greater term (1?2 year) open-label extension showed small (476, need for continuation treatment) than those who have no 477) but persistent (478) improvements in symptoms with residual symptoms (227, 491, 492. Although the number of dividuals experience hoarseness or voice alteration during randomized controlled trials of antidepressant medica stimulation, and coughing, dyspnea, and neck discomfort tions in the continuation phase is limited, the available are common (281, 481) but generally are tolerable to pa data indicate that patients treated for a first episode of un tients (282, 479. However, it could be depression when used as augmentation to medication considered as an option for patients with substantial symp treatment. It may also bestow an enduring, protective ben Copyright 2010, American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition 57 efit that reduces the risk of relapse after the treatment has termine whether any specific precipitants are contributing ended (363. For example, the onset or lapse and recurrence for patients in remission after a ma worsening of psychosocial stressors, substance use disor jor depressive episode (497. Mindfulness-based cognitive ders, or general medical conditions can contribute to in therapy is a variant of cognitive therapy that encourages creased depressive symptoms. In addition, decreased patients to pay attention to their thoughts and feelings in treatment adherence or reductions in medication blood the moment and to accept them rather than judging or levels (e. Although Patients who have had three or more prior major de relapse occurs for many patients regardless of continua pressive episodes should receive maintenance treatment. It is often helpful psychosocial stressors, family history of mood disorders, for patients and families to identify particular signs (e. Ad lack of engagement in specific activities that are usually en ditional considerations that may play a role in the decision joyed, specific ?signal? symptoms or patterns of thought) to use maintenance therapy include patient preference, that are typical of their earlier depressive episodes and may the presence of side effects during continuation therapy, suggest the beginnings of a depressive relapse. Further and the severity of prior depressive episodes, including more, any sign of symptom persistence, exacerbation, or factors such as psychosis or suicide risk. Due to the risk of reemergence or of increased psychosocial dysfunction recurrence and the importance of early detection of recur during the continuation period should be viewed as a har rent symptoms, patients should be monitored periodically binger of possible relapse. It is also essential to de nance treatment, antidepressant medications have received Copyright 2010, American Psychiatric Association. Risk Factors for Recurrence of Major Depressive less, several studies have shown that acute psychotherapies Disorder for major depressive disorder also have maintenance ben efits. In one study, maintenance cognitive therapy Presence of an additional nonaffective psychiatric delivered over 2 years was as effective as maintenance diagnosis medication for recurrent major depressive disorder (514. Some disorder results suggest that the combination of antidepressant Ongoing psychosocial stressors or impairment medications plus psychotherapy may be more effective in Negative cognitive style preventing relapse than treatment with single modalities Persistent sleep disturbances (314, 365, 506, 515, 516. There have been more than 30 trials of phar apy and/or psychotherapy, the frequency of visits during macotherapy in the maintenance phase, and results have the maintenance phase should be set according to the generally demonstrated the effectiveness of antidepres clinical condition and the specific treatments being used. Despite this, there is lim treatments usually involve a decreased frequency of visits ited information on many of the clinical decisions involving (e. Even though phase will vary depending on the frequency and severity lower doses of medication are less likely to produce side of prior major depressive episodes, the tolerability of effects, results from one study suggest that full doses are treatments, and patient preferences. Patients who exhibit nance treatment, pharmacotherapy is not invariably suc repeated episodes of moderate or severe major depressive cessful in preventing relapse and return of symptoms, which disorder despite optimal pharmacological treatment or pa still occur in as many as 25% of individuals (509, 510. When relapses occur, clinicians is insufficient may find treatment at more frequent inter typically address them using the same approaches described vals to be beneficial (501.

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Be alert to signs of avoidance, such as changing subject away Natural defense mechanisms, such as anger or denial of sig from information being presented or extremes of behavior nificance of situation, can block learning, affecting clients (withdrawal or euphoria. Present information in varied learning formats, for example, Multiple learning methods may enhance retention of material. Written instructions are a helpful resource when client is not in direct contact with healthcare team. Teaching: Disease Process Reinforce explanations of risk factors, dietary and activity Provides opportunity for client to retain information and to restrictions, medications, and symptoms requiring immedi assume control and participate in rehabilitation program. Encourage identification and reduction of individual risk these behaviors and chemicals have direct adverse effect on factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption and cardiovascular function and may impede recovery and in obesity. Provides a knowledge base to understand individual variations and reasons for therapeutic interventions. Repeated explana tions may be needed because anxiety and bulk of new information can block or limit learning. Identify adverse effects and complications of specific dysrhyth Dysrhythmias may decrease cardiac output, manifested by mias, such as fatigue, dependent edema, progressive changes symptoms of developing cardiac failure and altered cerebral in mentation, vertigo, and psychological manifestations. Tachydysrhythmias may also be accompanied by debilitating anxiety and feelings of impending doom. Include Information necessary for client to make informed choices and the desired action, how and when to take the drug, what to to manage medication regimen. Encourage development of regular exercise routine, avoiding When dysrhythmias are properly managed, normal activity overexertion. Exercise program is useful in im mediate cessation of activities, such as dizziness, light proving overall cardiovascular well-being. Review individual dietary needs and restrictions, such as Depending on specific problem, client may need to increase di potassium and caffeine. Recommend Continued self-observation or monitoring provides for timely weekly checking of pulse for 1 full minute or daily recording intervention to avoid complications. Medication regimen of pulse before medication and during exercise as appropri may be altered or further evaluation may be required ate. Identify situations requiring immediate medical inter when heart rate varies from desired rate or pacemakers vention, for example, dizziness or irregular heartbeat, preset rate. Instructions or concerns depend on ical intervention; for example, report pulse rate below set function and type of device as well as clients condition and limit for demand pacing or less than low-limit rate for rate presence or absence of family or caregivers. There is no problem with metal detectors, although pacemaker may trigger sensitive detectors. Cordless phones are safe, although cellular phones held directly over pacemaker may cause interfer ence; it is recommended that client not carry phone in shirt pocket when phone is on.