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By: G. Goose, M.B.A., M.B.B.S., M.H.S.

Professor, Larkin College of Osteopathic Medicine

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I know that you will be here with your professional questions seeking answers, a readiness to expect the unexpected and to be open to new ideas and thinking, and a thirst to learn and share with your international colleagues. My thanks also go to the abstract mentors, reviewers, session organisers, presenters, chairs, volunteers, clinical visit hosts and staf, who all play a vital role in making a congress this size the success I know it will be. But a congress needs delegates and the fact that there are over 4,000 of you here attests to our global engagement as a profession. Immerse yourself in this global gathering of physical therapists and know what it means to be part of the international physical therapy community; now more than ever the distance between us does not divide us but unites us. You are in for an inspiring, if busy and exhausting, few days make the most of it! I would especially like to welcome those of you who have travelled a long way in order to take part in this informative event. By means of high quality presentations and sessions, this congress provides you with a unique opportunity to learn from one another and to exchange information with colleagues and speakers from around the world. It ofers you the chance to discuss diferent aspects of your profession with many others in your feld. It emphasises the fact that physical therapy has an essential position in the health care continuum and is an active contributor to public health. The theme of this congress ?Moving Physical Therapy Forward? provides ample opportunity to discuss together the further growth of the profession. You have plenty of chance to speak, discuss and exchange ideas with other colleagues. I hope that you will make the most of this opportunity and take great pleasure in the coming days. On behalf of the government of the Netherlands and the Ministry of Health, I wish you a most enjoyable and informative congress. Edith Schippers Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport 6 Amsterdam Mayor Welcome Amsterdam is a proud host On behalf of the city of Amsterdam I want to extend a warm welcome to the many physical therapists currently visiting our beautiful city. We are proud of the many possibilities on ofer by our city for the business community, for its residents and in your case for training and accommodation. Amsterdam is easily accessible allowing many physical therapists to have the opportunity to take part. Thousands of physical therapists from all over the world will be getting together to portray their profession. We know that society is positively infuenced by the timely and efective use of high-quality physical therapy. This congress will provide the profession with renewed impetus to deliver quality service and will have positive consequences for international health care. Physical therapy, incorporated and supported by academia, with demonstrable efects on the well-being and health of the population, is of importance to everyone.

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From the above equation P0 = e so for a = 1, as 89 -1 in the example above, the probability of control would be e = 0. For example, for identical tumours each 8 -9 containing 10 cells, a dose that reduces the survival level to 10 will give a = 0. From such calculations, it is possible to construct a theoretical tumour control versus dose curve, which shows a sigmoid relationship (Figure 3. The above discussion assumes that the tumour stem cells exhibit uniform radiosensitivity within a tumour that reflects their radiosensitivity in vitro. However, the microenvironment of the cells in the tumour can significantly affect their sensitivity to radiation. There is increasing evidence that vascular damage and the induction of inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the responses of normal tissues to radiation treatment. However, radiation-induced apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells in the tumour might play a role in its response to radiation treatment. The terms radiosensitive and radioresistant have often been used to describe, respectively, tumours that regress rapidly or slowly after radiation treatment. This can be misleading because the rate of regression may not correlate with the ability to cure a tumour with tolerable doses of radiation. A better term to describe a tumour that regresses rapidly after treatment is radio-responsive. The rate of response of a tumour depends on the proliferative rate of its cells because most tumour cells express their radiation damage when they attempt mitosis. Thus, a tumour that contains a large proportion of proliferating cells will tend to express radiation damage to its cells early and will regress rapidly. Although radioresponsive, the tumour may contain surviving stem cells that will be responsible for its recurrence. Theoretical curves for groups of tumors containing different numbers of tumor 8 stem cells are shown. The composite curve (dashed) was obtained for a group containing equal proportions from the three individual groups (Tannock et al. The oxygen effect and radiosensitivity: the biological effects of radiation on cells are enhanced by oxygen. For this effect oxygen must be present in the cells at the 90 time of or within a few milliseconds of the radiation exposure. Cells irradiated in the presence of air are about three times more sensitive than cells irradiated under conditions of severe hypoxia. At very low levels of oxygen the cells are resistant but, as the level of oxygen increases, their sensitivity rises rapidly to almost maximal levels at oxygen concentrations above about 35 micromoles per liter (equivalent oxygen partial pressure 25 mmHg). The oxygen concentration at which the sensitizing effect is one half of maximum (the Km value) varies among cell lines but is usually in the region 5 to 17 micromoles per liter (3 to 10 mmHg equivalent partial pressure). The oxygen concentration (pO2) in most normal tissues ranges between 10 and 80 millimeters of mercury, depending on the tissue type, whereas tumours often contain regions where the pO2 is less than 5 millimeters of mercury. These conditions in solid tumours are due primarily to the abnormal vasculature that develops during tumour angiogenesis.

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Use dynamic assessment techniques and other culturally appropriate and curriculum-relevant methods and materials to perform nonbiased assessments and to explore flexibility, speed, and limits of literacy skills. Work with others to assure appropriate accommodations and/or interpretation of districtand state-mandated literacy assessments. Apply current research and practice knowledge when making decisions about the intensity, longevity, and service delivery models that best fit particular children. Help a child or adolescent apply knowledge of all language systems?phonology, semantics, morphology, syntax, pragmatics?to decode and comprehend written text while reading, and to organize discourse, compose sentences, and spell words while writing. Decide when to isolate skills and strategies for concentrated practice and when to work with them in integrated contexts. Plan individualized instruction for students with varied patterns of strengths, needs, and disabilities. Work with teachers to include students with disabilities in classroom learning opportunities with peers, as well as in special presentations and performances involving literate language use. Skills for implementing other roles involving collaboration, leadership, advocacy, and ongoing development of knowledge to: o 5. Advocate for the needs of children and adolescents with literacy learning and communication disorders of all kinds. Participate as members of interdisciplinary assessment teams and identify tools and strategies to be employed by each member of the team, in some cases sharing roles, as on transdisciplinary teams. Collaborate with general and special education teachers in a variety of service delivery models to provide inclusive educational experiences that maximize the potential of all students to progress in the general education curriculum. Manage caseload responsibilities to accommodate new or expanded roles with reading and writing. Work in nonschool settings to provide intervention that is relevant to school-based academic and social interaction needs. Conduct or participate in research to add to the knowledge base about spoken and written language and communication. Participate in and provide consultation and continuing education experiences to help colleagues learn about relationships among spoken and written language and the benefits of integrating them in instruction for all students. Contribute to policy development that makes it possible for students with disabilities to participate in literacy activities, to achieve in the general education curriculum, to graduate, and to compete successfully in gaining employment as adults. Provide information about normal development to committees and task forces that plan and evaluate curricula, establish comprehensive assessments, and set related policies. Develop and evaluate new methods, materials, and other technologies to improve assessment and intervention practices. Bibliography of Selected Resources General Resources American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Assessment and intervention (2nd ed.

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Meanwhile, the work of Faraday, Edison, Marconi, and others liter ally electrified the world. As the uses of electricity multiplied, no one found any obvious effects on living creatures except for the shock and heating caused by large currents. To be sure, no one looked very hard, for fear of discouraging a growth industry, but the magic of electricity seemed to lie precisely in the way it worked its wonders unseen and unfelt by the folks clustered around the radio or playing cards under the light bulb. By the 1920s, no scientist intent on a respectable career dared suggest that life was in any sense electrical. One line of inquiry began just after the turn of the century when it was learned that hydras were electrically polarized. He claimed to have influenced the development of frog eggs not only with currents but also with magnetic fields, a conclusion that was really risque for that time. He edited the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, where most of his reports appeared; few other journals would touch them. Burr and his co-workers found electric fields around, and electric potentials on the surfaces of, organisms as diverse as worms, hydras, salamanders, humans, other mammals, and even slime molds. They measured changes in these potentials and correlated them to growth, regeneration, tumor formation, drug effects, hypnosis, and sleep. Burr claimed to have measured field changes resulting from ovulation, but others got contradictory results. He hooked up his voltmeters to trees for years at a time and found that their fields varied in response not only to light and moisture, but to storms, sunspots, and the phases of the moon as well. Burr and Lund were handicapped by their instruments as well as the research climate. The two scientists could refine their observations only enough to find a simple dipolar dis tribution of potentials, the head of most animals being negative and the tail positive. Burr and Lund advanced similar theories of an electrodynamic field, called by Burr the field of life or L-field, which held the shape of an organism just as a mold determines the shape of a gelatin dessert. His later writings were marred by a son of bioelectric determin ism and a tendency to confuse "law and order" in nature with that 84 the Body Electric odious euphemism as preached by Presidents. As a result, he began to suggest his simple readings as a foolproof way to evaluate job applicants, soldiers, mental patients, and suspected criminals or dissidents. Biological knowledge at that time gave them no theoretical framework to explain where their fields came from. They had no inkling that currents might flow in specific tissues or in the fluids outside cells. They suggested that all these little intracellular currents somehow added up to the whole field. Burr wrote that "electrical energy is a fundamental attribute of protoplasm and is an expression or measure of the presence of an electrodynamic field in the organism.