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By: X. Mojok, M.B. B.CH., M.B.B.Ch., Ph.D.
Co-Director, University of Central Florida College of Medicine
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Protozoa Drozanski (1963) described bacterial parasites of amoebae that had been isolated from soil but failed to grow on laboratory media. Protozoa are an important vector for the survival and growth of Legionella within natural and artifcial environments, and have been detected in environments implicated as sources of legionellosis. However, not all amoebae are acceptable hosts, indicating that a degree of host specifcity is involved. Temperature also affects the expression of fagella, with a larger number of fagellated bacteria present at 30 C than at 37 C (Ott et al. Flagella have an important role in the pathogenicity of many organisms, including Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Heuner & Steinert (2003) found that nonfagellated legionellae were less capable of infecting protozoa and macrophages than wild-type fagellated strains. Phagocytic cells the virulence of Legionella is linked to its capacity to proliferate in humans, where it infects phagocytic cells opportunistically. However, these studies preceded the recognition of serological cross-reaction between L. Infection of susceptible animals such as guinea pigs, rats, mice and hamsters has shown that the pattern of growth in macrophages is similar to that in protozoa. The bacterium has been isolated from the lungs of calves, and serological conversion has been observed in many animals, including horses, antelope and sheep (Boldur et al. Virulence is infuenced by environmental factors such as temperature, nutrients and sodium concentrations (Edelstein, Beer & DeBoynton, 1987; Byrne & Swanson, 1998). Since then, many studies have recognized the importance of surfaces in concentrating microorganism activity. Surface adherence usually occurs by means of an extracellular polysaccharide substance secreted by the cells. This substance (the glycocalyx, or slime) is a hydrated polyanionic polysaccharide matrix produced by polymerases affxed to the lipopolysaccharide component of the cell wall (Morton et al.
Diseases
- Oculo cerebro acral syndrome
- Acne rosacea
- Ceroid lipofuscinois, neuronal 3, juvenile
- Thymic renal anal lung dysplasia
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Erythrokeratodermia variabilis, Mendes da Costa type
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Social circumstances Social circumstances Grade Adverse Event 1 2 3 4 5 Menopause Menopause occurring at age Menopause occurring at age Menopause occurring before 46 53 years of age 40 45 years of age age 40 years of age Definition: A disorder characterized by the permanent cessation of menses, usually defined by 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea in a woman over 45 years of age. Vascular disorders Vascular disorders Grade Adverse Event 1 2 3 4 5 Capillary leak syndrome Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; Life-threatening Death intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences; urgent intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by leakage of intravascular fluids into the extravascular space. Hematoma Mild symptoms; intervention Minimally invasive evacuation Transfusion, radiologic, Life-threatening Death not indicated or aspiration indicated endoscopic, or elective consequences; urgent operative intervention intervention indicated indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. Hypotension Asymptomatic, intervention Non-urgent medical Medical intervention or Life-threatening and urgent Death not indicated intervention indicated hospitalization indicated intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by a blood pressure that is below the normal expected for an individual in a given environment. Lymph leakage Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; radiologic, Life-threatening Death intervention indicated endoscopic or elective consequences; urgent operative intervention intervention indicated indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by the loss of lymph fluid into the surrounding tissue or body cavity. Lymphocele Asymptomatic; clinical or Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; radiologic, diagnostic observations only; intervention indicated endoscopic or elective intervention not indicated operative intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by a cystic lesion containing lymph. Peripheral ischemia Brief (<24 hrs) episode of Recurring or prolonged (>=24 Life-threatening Death ischemia managed non hrs) and/or invasive consequences; evidence of surgically and without intervention indicated end organ damage; urgent permanent deficit operative intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by impaired circulation to an extremity. Phlebitis Present Definition: A disorder characterized by inflammation of the wall of a vein. Superficial thrombophlebitis Present Definition: A disorder characterized by a blood clot and inflammation involving a superficial vein of the extremities. Vasculitis Asymptomatic, intervention Moderate symptoms, medical Severe symptoms, medical Life-threatening; evidence of Death not indicated intervention indicated intervention indicated. Navigational Note: Bone marrow hypocellular Mildly hypocellular or <=25% Moderately hypocellular or Severely hypocellular or >50 Aplastic persistent for longer Death reduction from normal >25 <50% reduction from <=75% reduction cellularity than 2 weeks cellularity for age normal cellularity for age from normal for age Definition: A disorder characterized by the inability of the bone marrow to produce hematopoietic elements. Navigational Note: Disseminated intravascular Laboratory findings with no Laboratory findings and Life-threatening Death coagulation bleeding bleeding consequences; urgent intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by systemic pathological activation of blood clotting mechanisms which results in clot formation throughout the body. Navigational Note: Leukocytosis >100, 000/mm3 Clinical manifestations of Death leucostasis; urgent intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by laboratory test results that indicate an increased number of white blood cells in the blood. Navigational Note: Thrombotic Laboratory findings with Life-threatening Death thrombocytopenic purpura clinical consequences. Navigational Note: Asystole Periods of asystole; non Life-threatening Death urgent medical management consequences; urgent indicated intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by a dysrhythmia without cardiac electrical activity. Navigational Note: Atrioventricular block Non-urgent intervention Symptomatic and Life-threatening Death complete indicated incompletely controlled consequences; urgent medically, or controlled with intervention indicated device. Conduction disorder Mild symptoms; intervention Non-urgent medical Symptomatic, urgent Life-threatening Death not indicated intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences Definition: A disorder characterized by pathological irregularities in the cardiac conduction system. Navigational Note: Cyanosis Present Definition: A disorder characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin and/or mucous membranes. Navigational Note: Heart failure Asymptomatic with Symptoms with moderate Symptoms at rest or with Life-threatening Death laboratory. Navigational Note: If left sided use Cardiac disorders: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction; also consider Cardiac disorders: Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Investigations: Ejection fraction decreased.
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Other donors, governments from developing countries and civil society organizations have also recognized and prioritized family planning. For example, at the London Summit on Family Planning in July 2012 leaders from around the world, including the U. This funding would also help ensure that those 7 displaced by conflict and natural disasters have full access to lifesaving reproductive health care they require. Congress and the Administration should provide women with access to a range of services and remove limitations to healthcare, family planning and reproductive health services. The provision of a range of services across a continuum of care is cost-effective and allows providers to not only assist women with determining the number, timing and spacing of pregnancies, but also promotes the overall health of women and their children. Open defecation is a determinant of stunting and prevents 13 children from growing tall and becoming healthy productive adults. Interventions, such as nutritional supplements, combined with improved sanitation and handwashing with soap can reduce stunting by 4. Layton Thompson, WaterAid Global Health Briefing Book 2013 | 39 Making Progress While the global community successfully reached the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people without access to clean water in 2010, 783 million people still lack access to safe drinking water and 2. The resulting health gains are tremendous: as women no longer get sick from dirty water or poor sanitation, fewer workdays are missed, income and productivity has increased and income is invested in the health and education of the household. The Child Survival Call to Action and the Feed the Future initiative are important tools for the U. A comprehensive and coordinated approach from national governments, multilaterals, the private sector and civil society is necessary to address this challenge. The provision of humanitarian assistance, including health services, should be independent from security or political agendas, A focus on the health needs of delivered in an impartial manner and accessible to affected the most vulnerable groups, communities. Addressing Effective emergency response specific health needs, such as treatment for survivors of gender-based programs can lay the building violence, maternal and newborn care, promoting optimal nutrition, and blocks for stronger and more mental health and psychosocial support, is critical during the response.
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The larger the decay constant 1 J of energy absorbed in 1 kg of tissue, that the faster the decay and the shorter the half is, 1 Gy = 100 rad. Thus, as demonstrated by the following, Radiopharmaceutical doses are dispensed the half-life is inversely proportional to the to patients in units of activity, typically mCi decay constant: or Ci. Traditional therapeutic agents are dispensed according to weight-based cal 0 69315. The pharmacist remains responsible to ensure that the proper prescribed dose where is the transformation or decay con is prepared and dispensed. Because of the stant, which has a characteristic value for nature of radiopharmaceuticals, the amount each radionuclide. Multiplying this unit the three main types of radiation decay by 60 allows the definition to be expressed are alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma as disintegrations per minute. Its half-life is ticles may be either electrons with negative 6 hours, and gamma emission is in the order charge, negatrons, or positive electrons, posi of 140 keV, efficiently detected by the gamma trons. Beta particles are not apeutic use, however, radionuclides should as destructive as alpha particles, but they emit particulate radiation (beta particles), can be used therapeutically. The beta particle which deposits the radiation within the tar possesses a lot of kinetic energy, thousands to get organ. Nuclear medicine hyperthyroidism and eradication of meta depends mostly on radiopharmaceuticals static disease of the thyroid gland. Gamma rays 131I emits both beta and gamma radiation, it are electromagnetic vibrations comparable can be used diagnostically (gamma rays) and with light but with much shorter wavelength. Because of their short wavelength and high Most radiopharmaceuticals are produced energy, they are very penetrating. In Auger electrons originate from the orbital such a reactor, stable atoms are bombarded electrons rather than from the nucleus. The Whenever there is a vacancy in a lower resulting neutron additions to the stable orbital, an electron from a higher orbital falls atoms produce unstable atoms and radionu down into that lower orbital, and the differ clides. The facilities for the production, use, ence in energy between the two orbitals is and storage of radioactive pharmaceuticals emitted in the form of a characteristic x-ray. In Department of Transportation regulates ship materials with large atomic numbers, there ment of radiopharmaceuticals, as do state are several higher electron orbitals, so several and local agencies. Thus, nose disease or evaluate the progression of the term auger cascade is sometimes used to disease following specific therapy interven indicate the production of multiple different tion.
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