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By: P. Benito, M.A.S., M.D.
Co-Director, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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Many antipsychotic drugs are effective because they target the dopaminergic system and work to return aberrant levels of dopamine back into the normal range of variation (Farde, Wiesel, Halldin, and Sedvall, 1988; Moghaddam and Bunney, 1990; Velasco, 1989). The effectiveness of these drugs is testimony to the salience of dopamine to the human body. Of primary concern, however, is the research that has examined whether different concentrations of dopamine are related to aggressive, violent, and impulsive behaviors (Coccaro and Kavoussi, 1996; Niehoff, 1999; Raine, 1993). Given that dopamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter, high levels of dopamine should be related etiologically to increases in antisocial conduct (Niehoff, 1999; Raine, 1993). Studies using human and nonhuman subjects have found mixed evidence bearing on this hypothesis; some research has supported the connection between dopamine and aggression (Baier, Wittek, and Brembs, 2002; Niehoff, 1999), whereas other studies have failed to replicate this finding (Raine, 1993; Scarpa and Raine, 2000). Although more research needs to be conducted before a definitive conclusion can be reached on the relationship between levels of dopamine and aggression, one important qualification to the literature needs to be advanced at this time. While it may be tempting to infer that certain concentrations of dopamine cause an individual to act in a particular fashion, this would be a serious mistake. The findings from these studies are cross-sectional and thus are only able to imply a correlational relationship, not a causal one. Indeed, it is quite possible, and perhaps more realistic, to assume that dopamine levels wax and wane in response to certain 73 this document is a research report submitted to the U. If this is the case, then the temporal ordering between dopamine levels and aggression/violence may actually be reversed, wherein misconduct causes dopamine levels to rise and fall and not vice versa. Dopaminergic Genetic Polymorphisms In order to examine the connection between levels of dopamine and violent and delinquent behaviors, researchers have begun to study the genetic polymorphisms that are part of the dopaminergic system. Recall from Chapter 1 that genetic polymorphisms have the capacity to account for phenotypic variation. At the same time, empirical research examining how each genetic polymorphism relates to a range of phenotypes will also be presented. The number of repeats that an individual can posses ranges between 3 and 11 copies. The most common polymorphisms accounting for over 90 percent of all alleles in Caucasians and the African Americans are the 9-repeat and the 10-repeat alleles (Doucette-Stamm et al. The dopamine transporter protein is one of the main agents in the reuptake of dopamine.
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But nevertheless donors must have the choice of making their own genetic specimens and data available for scientific purposes for only a specific period of time which has to be determined in advance. On the other hand, the donation agreement should provide for the possibility of limiting the period within in which such a withdrawal would be possible. Labour and insurance law Predictive genetic testing in connection with an employment relationship should only be performed if the tests serve to protect the employee and if the outbreak of a genetic disease directly related to the workplace can be foreseen. Testing should also be performed if the consequences of the foreseeable manifestation of such a genetic disease put other people at a considerable risk. However, this does not prejudice the obligation of the applicant to disclose knowledge of diseases that already are manifest or will most probably become manifest at a later point in time. For the time being, the voluntary commitment appears to be adequate which the German Insurance Association (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft. On the one hand, it permitted a better understanding of the structure, organisation and variability of the human genome. On the other hand, it provided an excellent stepping stone to the targeted study of the functions and interplay of genes and their products. But it has to be taken into account that many biological mechanisms are still understood and that it will take a lot of time and of basic research before they can be explained. Research into the genetic causes of diseases serves not only to generate new knowledge, but also, first and foremost, to develop new diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive methods in medicine. Since that time rapid scientific progress in genome research has created the basis for an increasingly better understanding of how a genetic predisposition can contribute to the development of diseases. Consequently, the application of genetic testing procedures is also spreading rapidly. In the following the scientific basis, the medical significance and a desirable social environment for this research and, above all, the resulting predictive testing procedures will be discussed. This statement will not address issues of prenatal diagnosis and its specific legal and ethical aspects. This genetic material, in turn, provides the genetic programme to control all vital cell functions such as cell division, functions of nerves, sensory organs and muscles, maintenance of the stability of bones and connective tissue, energy production from food, the immune defence system, the production, transport and catabolism of biologically important molecules, signal transduction and the regulation of all these processes. The cellular functions of the various tissues are coordinated to ensure the harmonious interplay within the overall organism. Information is contained in a defined linear arrangement (sequence) of certain building blocks called nucleotides. They consist of one out of four possible bases (guanine, adenine, thymine and cytidine) linked to a sugar (desoxyribose) and a phosphate group.
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However, it is harder for the surgeon to pinpoint exactly where the electrode should go if the patient is asleep. When you are asleep, the doctor cannot do microelectrode recording as effectively. As with any surgery, it is important to see a surgeon who is experienced in the specific surgery you need. The benefit of imaging-guided surgery is that the neurosurgeon can visualize the target region while he or she operates, then quickly adjust to any shifts or movement of the brain. In rare cases, patients have had to go through surgery a second time to fix the placement. Most practitioners should carefully consider the merits of earlier intervention in this select group of patients. But there are many new targets to consider: the centromedian thalamus, the zona incerta, the motor cortex, and the pedunculopontine nucleus. What if a computer could listen for signs of trouble and then respond by pulsing to bring it back to normal, like a heart pacemakerfi Connecting wire A wire that connects the brain electrode to the neurostimulator or battery source. The connecting wire is surgically placed under the scalp and the skin and soft tissue of the neck and threaded to the neurostimulator under the skin of the upper chest. Corticobasal degeneration A neurological disease in which several areas of the brain degenerate.
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