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Navigational Note: Endophthalmitis Local intervention indicated Systemic intervention; Best corrected visual acuity of hospitalization indicated 20/200 or worse in the affected eye Definition: A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the internal structures of the eye. Navigational Note: Fungemia Moderate symptoms; medical Severe or medically significant intervention indicated but not immediately life threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by the presence of fungus in the blood stream. Navigational Note: Hepatitis viral Asymptomatic, intervention Moderate symptoms; medical Symptomatic liver Life-threatening Death not indicated intervention indicated dysfunction; fibrosis by consequences; severe biopsy; compensated decompensated liver function cirrhosis; hospitalization or. Navigational Note: For symptoms and no intervention, consider Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Sore throat or Hoarseness. Navigational Note: Myelitis Asymptomatic; mild signs Moderate weakness or Severe weakness or sensory Life-threatening Death. Symptoms include weakness, paresthesia, sensory loss, marked discomfort and incontinence. Symptoms include fullness, itching, swelling and marked discomfort in the ear and ear drainage. Unlike acne, this rash does not present with whiteheads or blackheads, and can be symptomatic, with itchy or tender lesions. Clinical manifestations include erythema, marked discomfort, swelling, and induration along the course of the infected vein. Navigational Note: Synonym: Boil Rhinitis infective Localized; local intervention indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the nasal mucosal. Navigational Note: Viremia Moderate symptoms; medical Severe or medically significant intervention indicated but not immediately life threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization indicated Definition: A disorder characterized by the presence of a virus in the blood stream. Symptoms include marked discomfort, swelling and difficulty moving the affected leg and foot. Navigational Note: Biliary anastomotic leak Asymptomatic diagnostic Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; invasive Life-threatening Death finding; intervention not intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences; urgent indicated operative intervention indicated Definition: A finding of leakage of bile due to breakdown of a biliary anastomosis (surgical connection of two separate anatomic structures). Navigational Note: Bladder anastomotic leak Asymptomatic diagnostic Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; invasive Life-threatening Death finding; intervention not intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences; urgent indicated operative intervention indicated Definition: A finding of leakage of urine due to breakdown of a bladder anastomosis (surgical connection of two separate anatomic structures). Navigational Note: Bruising Localized or in a dependent Generalized area Definition: A finding of injury of the soft tissues or bone characterized by leakage of blood into surrounding tissues. Burns can be caused by exposure to chemicals, direct heat, electricity, flames and radiation. The extent of damage depends on the length and intensity of exposure and time until provision of treatment. Navigational Note: Dermatitis radiation Faint erythema or dry Moderate to brisk erythema; Moist desquamation in areas Life-threatening Death desquamation patchy moist desquamation, other than skin folds and consequences; skin necrosis mostly confined to skin folds creases; bleeding induced by or ulceration of full thickness and creases; moderate edema minor trauma or abrasion dermis; spontaneous bleeding from involved site; skin graft indicated Definition: A finding of cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to biologically effective levels of ionizing radiation. Navigational Note: Fall Minor with no resultant Symptomatic; noninvasive Hospitalization indicated; injuries; intervention not intervention indicated invasive intervention indicated indicated Definition: A finding of sudden movement downward, usually resulting in injury. Navigational Note: Fallopian tube anastomotic Asymptomatic; clinical or Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; invasive Life-threatening Death leak diagnostic observations only; intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences; urgent intervention not indicated operative intervention indicated Definition: A finding of leakage due to breakdown of a fallopian tube anastomosis (surgical connection of two separate anatomic structures). Navigational Note: Prior to using this term consider specific fracture areas: Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: Ankle fracture, Hip fracture, Spinal fracture, or Wrist fracture Gastric anastomotic leak Asymptomatic diagnostic Symptomatic; medical Severe symptoms; invasive Life-threatening Death finding; intervention not intervention indicated intervention indicated consequences; urgent indicated operative intervention indicated Definition: A finding of leakage due to breakdown of a gastric anastomosis (surgical connection of two separate anatomic structures).

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The antcoagulatonist must know what your ophthalmic concerns are?sometmes they are surprisingly content with stopping the Coumadin, and sometmes they are adamant about contnuing it (or doing the Lovenox thing, for instance, if the patent has a mechanical valve). Remember that you are the only doctor in the mix who understands what can happen to an eye, and you will be responsible. We are spoiled because we routnely get away with operatng on antcoagulated patents without having any problems. It is therefore easy to become complacent about the drug and to forget that if something does go wrong, it can go very wrong, and there will be plenty of people ready to second-guess all of your actons. Even if you routnely operate on antcoagulated patents, you should review the possible concerns with the patent because you want the patent to have heard about the issues well before, heaven forbid, something bad happens. Of all the chapters in this book, this one is perhaps the diciest, because it involves decisions regarding systemic factors that are well beyond the expertse of even the most renaissance ophthalmologist. Please recognize that the medical doctors caring for these patents have devoted their lives to understanding the risks and benefts of antcoagulaton and you should be ready to discuss problematc patents on an individual basis with them. Under no circumstances should you consider the brief overview here to represent a defnitve guide about how to manage such patents. Another excellent resource comes from the American College of Chest Physicians?a very worthwhile read unless you work in a place where no one is on blood thinners. An approach that works for routne cataract surgery may not work for high-risk glaucoma surgery. You should, of necessity, stay abreast of this informaton as it pertains to your9 own surgical practce. First, check the stuf in Chapter 16 about how to minimize pain using various laser setngs, etc. You can get prety good anesthesia in the region you inject, and there is less chance for a globe-threatening hemorrhage. If you need to do 360 degrees of treatment, though, you can end up with a lot of tedious injectons and these routes do not get as far back as you may need. Basically, if you need to do some sort of orbital block, you have to once again use up your most valuable asset: tme. You need to review with the patent the risks of a hemorrhage and the risk of delaying treatment in order to allow the Coumadin to wear of. You also need to review the risk of going of the Coumadin in terms of stroke or whatever the patent is on the stuf for. As alluded to above, it is usually not worth the risk to stop the drug for a simple retrobulbar or peribulbar injecton, especially since the risk of problems is low (but not zero). There is data from other specialtes, however, that can be used to extrapolate the risk. Indeed, you may want to let the antcoagulatonist know because this may mean the patent is sub-therapeutc.

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Typically, the dilated eye is entered through the pars plana, a safe zone? in the white part of the eye or sclera; hence this procedure is called a pars plana vitrectomy. A surgical microscope with a special lens allows a wide view of the inside of the eye as well as a magnifed and detailed view. The surgeon uses a vitrectomy probe (vitrector) to cut and delicately remove the gel-like vitreous. Separate openings are used to light the eye and to place various other instruments that assist in surgery. When a vitreous substitute is used, a vitrectomy, scleral buckle, laser, and a small period of post-operative positioning (typically face-down) by the patient gas bubble. Complications of surgery are rare, but include infection, bleeding, high or low eye pressure, cataract, retinal detachment, and loss of vision. For example, a patient with longstanding diabetes develops sudden painless loss of vision that has not gotten better with observation alone. Figure 2 Vitreous hemorrhage, pre-retinal, and sub-retinal However, if the cause of the bleeding is not addressed, vitreous hemorrhage hemorrhages block vision and are indications for is likely to recur. When blood is cleared by surgery, both the vitreous hemorrhage and areas of diabetic retinopathy?and the vision will improve, but improvement is limited by the underlying health of the retina. There are 5 major reasons to perform vitrectomy, or a vitrectomy plus other procedures: 1. Vision-blocking vitreous opacity (clouding): When the vitreous cavity Figure 3a becomes cloudy, patients experience hazy vision. If the haziness is caused Vitreous fuid fows through a retinal tear to cause by benign (mild) or inactive conditions such as asteroid hyalosis, posterior a partial retinal detachment involving the macula. Conditions caused by abnormal pulling on the retina: Most vitrectomy surgery is performed to address abnormal pulling (traction) by the vitreous on the retina. The macula is pulled apart in many diseases including diabetic retinopathy, branch retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of by traction on the surface of the retina. When vessels contract, they may bleed, causing vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding) areas represent swelling (retinal edema) from tissue (Figure 3a) or cause the retina to detach as shown here, causing a traction retinal detachment damage. Removing membranes or scar tissue from the surface of the retina is delicate and exacting work, requiring many techniques in addition to vitrectomy. Sometimes in eyes with retinal detachment, vitrectomy is combined with scleral buckling, a procedure involving sewing a piece of silicone sponge, rubber, or semi-hard plastic onto the sclera or placing a band encircling the eye to relieve retinal traction. Performing vitrectomy in eyes that are disordered from trauma (Figure 3f) or in severely premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (Figure 3g) can be very challenging. Conditions needing retinal or other eye surgery: As noted previously, the vitreous humor and traction on the retina can cause a wide variety of problems.

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Do not use unprocessed butterbur, which contains hepato? toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Botulinum the headaches are usually generalized, may be most toxin type A, injected into specific head and neck muscles, intense about the neck or back of the head, and are not reduces headache frequency in patients with chronic associated with focal neurologic symptoms. There is diag? migraine (at least 15 days per month with headaches last? nostic overlap with migraine. A 2009 Cochrane review the therapeutic approach is similar to that in migraine, suggested acupuncture as effective as prophylactic drug except that triptan drugs are not indicated. Treatment of treatment, but comparison with sham acupuncture showed comorbid anxiety or depression is important. Some neurostimulation techniques look prom? therapies that may be effective include biofeedback and ising, including occipital nerve stimulation, but critical relaxation training. Blockade of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling by a receptor antagonist or monoclonal 3. Tension-type Headache of cells in the ipsilateral hypothalamus, triggering the tri? this is the most common type of primary headache disor? geminal autonomic vascular system. Patients frequently complain of pericranial tenderness, ily history of headache or migraine. Episodes of severe poor concentration, and other nonspecific symptoms, in unilateral periorbital pain occur dailyfor several weeks and addition to constant daily headachesthatare often vise-like are often accompanied by one or more of the following: or tight in quality but not pulsatile. Headaches may be ipsilateral nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, red? exacerbated by emotional stress, fatigue, noise, or glare. During attacks, patients are often that may be localized, lateralized, or generalized. Episodes typically occur at night, aches are sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, awaken the patient, and last between 15 minutes and 3 hours. Bouts may last for 4 to 8 weeks and more than 1-2 weeks after the inciting event are probably may occur up to several times per year. This variant has been referred to as Severe head pain may be produced by coughing (and by chronic cluster headache. In longstanding cases, Horner straining, sneezing, and laughing) but, fortunately, usually syndrome may persist between attacks. The pathophysiologic Cluster headache is one of the trigeminal autonomic basis of the complaint is not known, and often there is no cephalgias, which include hemicrania continua, paroxys? underlying structural lesion. However, intracranial lesions, mal hemicranias, and short-lasting neuralgiform head? usually in the posterior fossa (eg, Arnold-Chiari malforma? ache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing. For unknown reasons, symptoms Treatment of an individual attack with oral drugs is sometimes clear completely after lumbar puncture.