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The scrotum is composed of multiple layers of tissues, including skin, dartos muscle and external spermatic, cremasteric and internal spermatic fascia, tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. This injury is typical and the nerve should always be tested when a fracture of the midsha of the humerus is suspected. Anterior trunk: pelvic vecira, perineal,gluteal region, the adductor region of the thigh and placenta in fetus. ALacrimal duct BLacrimal itchim Clacrimal gland Dpuncta Answer: D Refrance. Sternocleidomastoid Answer: B Structure passing through the jugular foramen: 1Glossopharyngeal N: stylopharyngeus Ms 2Vagus N: palatoglossus, muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini, pharynx except, larynx. More info: Structures passing foramen ovale: Mandibular n(V3): muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid), tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid Ms. When the patient stands on the a ected limb, the pelvis severely drops over the swing limb. Positive signs are typically found in patients with damage to the superior gluteal nerve. AAfter the nerve to stapedius muscle BProximal to greater petrosal nerve CDistal to greater petrosal nerve Answer: B Typically lesions at and around the geniculate ganglion are accompanied by loss of motor function on the whole of the ipsilateral (same) side of the face. Taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lacrimation, and some salivation also are likely to be a ected because the lesion is proximal to the greater petrosal and chorda tympani branches of the nerve. AKnee joint BAnkle joint CElbow joint DHip joint Answer:D A hinge joint is a common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, knee, jaw, finger and toe joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend. Apectoralis major Bpectorals minor Answer: B Lymph nodes is divided into 3 Surgical or 6 structural levels according to its relation pectoralis minor muscle: Surgical: 1lower edge of pectoralis minor 2-under/posterior to P. Structural: 1anterior (pectoral) group 2posterior (subcapsular) group 3-lateral group 4central group 5infra-clavicular (delto-pectoral) group 6-apical group. AInfra orbital BMaxillary Answer: maxillary N (v2) branches: Zygomaticotemporal: anterior temple above zygomatic arch Zygomaticofacial: area over zygomatic bone Infraorbital: lower eyelid, cheek, side of the nose, and upper lip. Superficial arch supplies flexors and its main artery is Ulnar, radial is minimal.

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Moreover these decisions concern what will happen in the future, and often we cannot know with certainty, or indeed with any real degree of assurance, the outcome of each choice we might make. Cases may become more complicated where, for example, the mother has a different view from the father. All parties draw on different facts and emotions in forming their decisions, and may give these attributes different weights. For now, we conclude that although there are problems in interpreting and assessing best interests, it is clear that a fetus and a newborn baby have interests and that they must be taken into account. If fetuses can experience pain (itself a subject of some dispute, see paragraph 4. Nor does it commit us to denying our claim that it would be wrong to coerce or compel a pregnant woman to act in certain ways. And how should the best interests of the fetus or newborn baby be considered in relation to the interests of others involved in the decision-making processfi Hence our view is that those who make decisions in respect of a child must carefully consider the interests of all those who may be affected, most usually other family members, old or young, who will live with the child, care for him or her, or are dependent upon the immediate family in other ways. Consider for instance the interests of the parents of a baby who is born with a severe disability. There is no doubt that the interests of a baby are bound up with those of his or her parents, in that the degree of care that parents can devote to their child can make a very substantial difference to the quality of life that he or she can expect to enjoy. While often the adjustments that families have to make when a child has disabilities can readily be overcome, having a seriously disabled child can make a very substantial difference to the kind of life the parents can expect to enjoy (see Chapter 7). Caring for a seriously disabled child may significantly and deleteriously affect the lives of his or her parents: it can mean giving up employment, economic hardship, marital discord and divorce, great unhappiness, stress and ill health for which help from the state is limited (paragraphs 3. The Working Party is clear that parents have interests and that it is reasonable for these interests to be given some weight in any relevant deliberations about critical care decisions for a child who is, or who will become, severely ill. In the circumstances concerning the decisions addressed by this Report, the interests of a baby which are at stake are often those of his or her very existence, whether he or she lives or dies, and of the quality of any life he or she might enjoy. However, many clinical decisions are more complex and involve many possible options such as what kinds of treatment are most appropriate, and for how long should a treatment be tried. In these cases the best interests of a baby may be harder to determine and to agree upon.

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Abdominal plain radiographs white males as a consequence of aggressive eradication of show gaseous distention of the stomach and proximal duodeH pylori. With protracted vomiting, there is less air in the stomach and less abdominal distention. Children with Down syndrome have an increased risk of usually occurs through a posteriolateral defect in the diaduodenal stenosis. In about 5% of cases, the diaphragmatic defect is retrosternal (foramen of MorTreatment & Prognosis gagni). Hernias result from failure of the diaphragmatic Duodenoduodenostomy is performed to bypass the area of anlagen to fuse and divide the thoracic and abdominal stenosis or atresia. The of the abdominal viscera through the diaphragmatic openmortality rate is increased in infants with prematurity, Down ing may occur. Eighty percent of posteriolateral defects syndrome, and associated congenital anomalies. In eventration of the diadilation and hypomotility from antenatal obstruction may phragm, a leaf of the diaphragm with hypoplastic muscular cause duodenal dysmotility with obstructive symptoms even elements balloons into the chest and leads to similar but after surgical treatment. These children usually have a much more favorable prognosis than Annular pancreas is a rotational defect in which normal neonates (see Chapter 1). Localization and relative frequency of congenital gastrointestinal atresias and stenoses. Sympthe midgut extends from the duodenojejunal junction to the toms may develop late in childhood or even in adulthood mid transverse colon. It is supplied by the superior mesenteric if the obstruction is not complete in infancy. During consists of duodenoduodenostomy or duodenojejunosgestation, the midgut elongates into the umbilical sac, returntomy without operative dissection or division of the paning to an intra-abdominal position during the 10th week of creatic annulus. The root of the mesentery rotates in a counterclockwise direction during retraction causing the colon to cross the abdominal cavity ventrally. Antenatal ultrasound can identify intestinal atresia in utero; polyhydramnios occurs Clinical Findings in most affected pregnancies. Most infants present in the first 3 Bile-stained vomiting and abdominal distention begin weeks of life with bile-stained vomiting or with overt small in the first 48 hours of life. The overall length of the small intestine nal obstruction or perforation at birth. Later presentinclude dilated loops of small bowel and absence of ing signs include intermittent intestinal obstruction, malabcolonic gas. Barium enema reveals narrow-caliber microsorption, protein-losing enteropathy, or diarrhea. Associated colon because of lack of intestinal flow distal to the congenital anomalies, especially cardiac, occur in over 25% atresia.

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Involved nodes mellitus may become fixed to the overlying skin, suppurate, and drain. Laboratory Findings Low Children fi 4 y without any risk factor fi 15 mm induration the Mantoux test (0. The direct detection of mycobacteria in body fluids or Temporary suppression of tuberculin reactivity may be seen discharges is best done by staining specimens with auraminewith viral infections (eg, measles, influenza, varicella, and rhodamine and examining them with fluorescence microsmumps), after live virus immunization, and during corticocopy; this method is superior to the Ziehl-Neelsen method. When tuberculosis is suspected in Chest radiograph should be obtained in all children with a child, household members and adult contacts (eg, teachers suspicion of tuberculosis at any site or with a positive skin and caregivers) also should be tested immediately. Segmental consolidation with some volume loss and puncture tests (tine tests) should not be used because they hilar adenopathy are common findings in children. Pleural are associated with false-negative and false-positive reaceffusion also occurs with primary infection. Cavities and tions, and because standards for interpretation of positive apical disease are unusual in children but are common in results do not exist. They Differential Diagnosis are done on blood obtained by venipuncture and are further Pulmonary tuberculosis must be differentiated from fungal, advantageous in requiring only a single visit; however, these parasitic, mycoplasmal, and bacterial pneumonias; lung tests are not yet sufficiently studied in children. Cervical lymphadenitis is ing gastric aspirates from three successive days will yield M most likely due to streptococcal or staphylococcal infections. Biopsy may be necessary to Cat-scratch fever and infection with atypical mycobacteria establish the diagnosis. Viral meningoencephalitis, head trauma (child abuse), Treatment lead poisoning, brain abscess, acute bacterial meningitis, A. Specific Measures brain tumor, and disseminated fungal infections must be excluded in tuberculous meningitis. The skin test in the Most children with tuberculosis in the United States are patient or family contacts is frequently valuable in differenhospitalized initially. If the infecting organism has not been tiating these conditions from tuberculosis. Directly prevalence of tuberculosis, protective efficacy varies greatly observed administration of all doses of antituberculosis therwith vaccine potency and method of delivery. At the end of this time, a Mantoux test infection, duration is increased to 12 months or more, and a should be done, and therapy should be continued for an fourth drug (streptomycin or ethambutol) is added for the additional 7 months if the test is positive. In communities with resistance rates greater than 4%, initial therapy should usually include four drugs.