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By: D. Redge, M.B. B.CH., M.B.B.Ch., Ph.D.

Co-Director, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine

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Most important to the success of this edition is the dedication and work of the edi to rs, whose commitment to excellence is unparalleled. As noted in previous editions of the Red Book, some omissions and errors are inevi table in a book of this type. This edition of the Red Book is based on information available as of February 2012. Information is provided in hard copy and as digital versions, which can be downloaded to mobile devices and contain links to supplemental information, including visual images, graphs, maps, and tables. Seemingly unanswerable scientifc questions, the complexity of medical practice, ongoing innovative technology, continuous new information, and inevitable differences of opinion among experts all are addressed when preparing the Red Book. In some cases, other committees and experts may differ in their interpretation of data and resulting recommendations. In certain instances, no single recommendation can be made because several options for management are equally acceptable. Inevitably in clinical practice, questions arise that cannot be answered easily on the basis of currently available data. For many conditions, an expert in the feld of infectious diseases should be consulted. Through this process of lifelong learning, the committee seeks to provide a practical and authoritative guide for physicians and other health care professionals in their care of infants, children, and adolescents. However, this list only begins to cover the many in depth changes that have occurred in each chapter and section. New data inevitably will outdate current information in the Red Book, so health care professionals need to remain informed of ongoing developments and resulting changes in recommendations. Throughout the Red Book, Web site addresses enable rapid access to new information. When using antimicrobial agents, physicians should review the package inserts (product labels) prepared by manufacturers, particularly for information concerning contraindications and adverse events. As in previous editions of the Red Book, recommended dosage schedules for antimicrobial agents are provided (see Section 4, Antimicrobial Agents and Related Therapy) and may differ from those of the manufac turer as provided in the package insert. This book could not have been prepared without the dedicated professional compe tence of many people.

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Immunization with pneu mococcal conjugate and/or polysaccharide vaccine is indicated on the basis of age and vaccine-specifc recommendations (see Pneumococcal Infections, p 571). Hence, passive immunoprophylaxis or chemoprophylaxis after exposure to these diseases should be considered, even if the child previously has received the recommended vaccines. Vaccine-strain varicella-zoster virus rarely has been transmitted from healthy people. No precautions are needed after immunization of healthy children who do not develop a rash. Vaccine recipients who develop a rash should avoid direct contact with susceptible immunocompromised hosts for the duration of the rash. All infants, children, adolescents, and adults with asplenia, regardless of the reason for the asplenic state, have an increased risk of fulminant bacteremia, especially associated with encapsulated bacte ria, which is associated with a high mortality rate. In comparison with immunocompetent children who have not undergone splenec to my, the incidence of and mortality rate from septicemia are increased in children who have had splenec to my after trauma and in chil dren with sickle cell disease by as much as 350-fold, and the rate may be even higher in children who have had splenec to my for thalassemia. The risk of bacteremia is higher in younger children than in older children, and risk may be greater during the years imme diately after splenec to my. Strep to coccus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen that causes bacteremia in children with asplenia. Less common causes of bacteremia include H infuenzae type b, N meningitidis, other strep to cocci, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative bacilli, such as Salmonella species, Klebsiella species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. People with functional or ana to mic asplenia also are at increased risk of fatal malaria and severe babesiosis. Pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines are indicated for all children with asplenia at the recommended age (see Pneumococcal Infections, p 571). A sec ond dose should be administered 5 years later (see Pneumococcal Infections, p 571). Hib immunization should be initiated at 2 months of age, as recommended for otherwise healthy young children (see Fig 1. Two primary doses of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine should be administered 2 months apart to children with asplenia from 2 years of age through ado lescence, and a booster dose should be administered every 5 years (see Meningococcal 1 Infections, p 500), although the effcacy of meningococcal vaccines in children with asplenia has not been established. No known contraindication exists to giving these vaccines at the same time as other required vaccines in separate syringes at different sites. Daily antimicrobial prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections is recommended for many children with asplenia, regardless of immunization status. For infants with sickle cell anemia, oral penicillin prophylaxis against invasive pneumococcal disease should be initi ated as soon as the diagnosis is established and preferably by 2 months of age. Although the effcacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis has been proven only in patients with sickle cell anemia, other children with asplenia at particularly high risk, such as children with malignant neoplasms or thalassemia, also should receive daily chemoprophylaxis. Less agreement exists about the need for prophylaxis for children who have had splenec to my after trauma. In general, antimicrobial prophylaxis (in addition to immunization) should be considered for all children with asplenia younger than 5 years of age and for at least 1 year after splenec to my. On the basis of a multicenter study, prophylactic penicillin can be discontinued at 5 years of age in children with sickle cell disease who are receiving regular medical attention and who have not had a severe pneumococcal infection or surgical splenec to my.

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Hypersensitivity caused by exposure to a vari necrotic or vesicular center, pale middle ety of substances macular ring, and an outer erythema to us a. Lesions develop in crops over period of 1 to 2 and herpes simplex, especially in recur weeks with each crop lasting 1 week rent conditions 7. Fever, fatigue, sore throat, headache, nausea, possible precipitating fac to rs vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and/or joint 2. Describe and moni to r lesions in terms of pain morphology/structure, size, shape, number, 2. Skin rash develops in 2 to 3 days after general color, location, distribution ized symp to ms 3. Variety of skin reactions on hands, elbows, life-threatening situation knees, ankles, feet, eyes, lips, mouth, 4. Distribution pattern is generalized and is correct, what are the expected results of the scattered smearfi

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Changing needles between drawing a vaccine in to a syringe and injecting it in to the child is not necessary. Different vaccines should not be mixed in the same syringe unless specifcally licensed and labeled for such use. Because of the rare possibility of a severe allergic reaction to a vaccine component, people administering vaccines or other biologic products should be prepared to recognize and treat allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis (see Hypersensitivity Reactions After Immunization, p 51). Facilities and personnel should be available for treating immediate allergic reactions. Syncope may occur following any immunization, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Personnel should be aware of presyncopal manifestations and take appro priate measures to prevent injuries if weakness, dizziness, or loss of consciousness occurs. The relatively rapid onset of syncope in most cases suggests that health care profes sionals should consider observing adolescents for 15 minutes after they are immunized. Having vaccine recipients sit or lie down for at least 15 minutes after immunization could avert many syncopal episodes and secondary injuries. Syncope following receipt of a vaccine is not a contra-1 indication to subsequent doses. Live-attenuated infuenza vaccine is the only vaccine licensed for intranasal administration. This vaccine is licensed for healthy, nonpregnant people 2 through 49 years of age. An attached dose-divider clip is removed from the sprayer to administer the second half of the dose in to the other nostril. However, if clinical judgment indi cates that nasal congestion might impede delivery of the vaccine to the nasopharyngeal mucosa, vaccine deferral should be considered until resolution of the illness. Data do not warrant recommendation of a single preferred site for all injections, and product recommendations of many manufacturers allow fexibility in the site of injection. Recommended routes of administration are included in package inserts of vaccines and are listed in Table 1. The recommended route is based on studies designed to demonstrate maximum safety and immunogenicity. To minimize un to ward local or systemic effects and ensure optimal effcacy of the immunizing procedure, vaccines should be given by the recommended route. In children younger than 1 year of age (ie, infants), the anterolateral aspect of the thigh provides the larg est muscle and is the preferred site.

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